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pybind11: C++ 工程提供 Python 接口 pybind11: C++ 工程提供 Python 接口的实例代码

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C/C++ 工程提供 Python 接口,有利于融合进 Python 的生态。现在 Python 在应用层,有其得天独厚的优势。尤其因为人工智能和大数据的推波助澜, Python 现在以及未来,将长期是最流行的语言之一。

那 C/C++ 怎么提供 Python 接口呢?

本文将介绍 pybind11 的环境准备与入门使用。

pybind11: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11

环境准备

pybind11 是一个 header-only 的库,换句话说,只需要 C++ 项目里直接 include pybind11 的头文件就能使用。

这里则介绍如何于 CMake 里引入 pybind11 。而更多编译系统的介绍,可见官方文档 Build systems

获取 pybind11

可以 git submodule 添加子模块,最好固定为某个版本:

git submodule add https://github.com/pybind/pybind11.git third_party/pybind11-2.5.0
cd third_party/pybind11-2.5.0/
git checkout tags/v2.5.0

或者,直接获取源码,放进相应子目录即可。

添加进 CMake

CMakeLists.txtadd_subdirectory pybind11 的路径,再用其提供的 pybind11_add_module 就能创建 pybind11 的模块了。

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1)
project(start-pybind11 VERSION 0.1.0 LANGUAGES C CXX)

set(MY_PYBIND ${MY_CURR}/third_party/pybind11-2.5.0)

add_subdirectory(${MY_PYBIND})
pybind11_add_module(example_pb example_pb.cpp)

如果想在已有 C++ 动态库上扩展 pybind11 绑定,那么 target_link_libraries 链接该动态库就可以了。

target_link_libraries(example_pb PUBLIC example)

绑定一个函数

我们先实现一个 add 函数,

int add(int i, int j) {
 return i + j;
}

为了简化工程,可以直接实现在 example_pb.cpp 里,

#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>

namespace py = pybind11;

int add(int i, int j) {
 return i + j;
}

PYBIND11_MODULE(example_pb, m) {
 m.doc() = "example_pb bindings";

 m.def("add", &add, "A function which adds two numbers");
}

之后,于 CMakeLists.txt 所在目录,执行 cmake 编译就完成了。

示例代码

绑定一个类

我们先实现一个定时触发器的类。使用如下:

#include <iostream>

#include "tick.h"

int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) {
 (void)argc;
 (void)argv;

 Tick tick(500, 5000);

 tick.SetTickEvent([&tick](std::int64_t elapsed_ms) {
 std::cout << "elapsed: " << elapsed_ms << " ms" << std::endl;
 if (elapsed_ms >= 2000) {
  tick.Stop();
 }
 });

 tick.Start();
 tick.WaitLifeOver();
 return 0;
}

运行结果:

$ ./_output/bin/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test
elapsed: 0 ms
elapsed: 500 ms
elapsed: 1000 ms
elapsed: 1500 ms
elapsed: 2000 ms

该类的声明如下:

using TickEvent = std::function<void(std::int64_t elapsed_ms)>;
using TickRunCallback = std::function<void()>;

class Tick {
 public:
 using clock = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock;

 Tick(std::int64_t tick_ms,
  std::int64_t life_ms = std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max());
 Tick(TickEvent tick_event, std::int64_t tick_ms,
  std::int64_t life_ms = std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max(),
  TickRunCallback run_beg = nullptr,
  TickRunCallback run_end = nullptr);
 virtual ~Tick();

 bool IsRunning() const;

 void Start();
 void Stop(bool wait_life_over = false);

 const std::chrono::time_point<clock> &GetTimeStart() const;

 void SetTickEvent(TickEvent &&tick_event);
 void SetTickEvent(const TickEvent &tick_event);

 void SetRunBegCallback(TickRunCallback &&run_beg);
 void SetRunBegCallback(const TickRunCallback &run_beg);

 void SetRunEndCallback(TickRunCallback &&run_end);
 void SetRunEndCallback(const TickRunCallback &run_end);

 void WaitLifeOver();

 protected:
 // ...
};

然后, pybind11 绑定实现如下:

#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
#include <pybind11/chrono.h>
#include <pybind11/functional.h>

#include <memory>

#include "cpp/cpp_thread_callback/tick.h"

namespace py = pybind11;
using namespace pybind11::literals; // NOLINT

PYBIND11_MODULE(tick_pb, m) {
 m.doc() = "tick_pb bindings";

 py::class_<Tick, std::shared_ptr<Tick>>(m, "Tick")
 .def(py::init<std::int64_t, std::int64_t>())
 .def(py::init<TickEvent, std::int64_t, std::int64_t,
     TickRunCallback, TickRunCallback>())
 .def_property_readonly("is_running", &Tick::IsRunning)
 .def("start", &Tick::Start)
 .def("stop", &Tick::Stop, "wait_life_over"_a = false)
 .def("get_time_start", &Tick::GetTimeStart)
 .def("set_tick_event", [](Tick &self, const TickEvent &tick_event) {
  self.SetTickEvent(tick_event);
 })
 .def("set_run_beg_callback", [](Tick &self,
  const TickRunCallback &run_beg) {
  self.SetRunBegCallback(run_beg);
 })
 .def("set_run_end_callback", [](Tick &self,
  const TickRunCallback &run_end) {
  self.SetRunEndCallback(run_end);
 })
 .def("wait_life_over", &Tick::WaitLifeOver,
  py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>());
}

编译出动态库后,把路径添加进 PYTHONPATH

export PYTHONPATH=<path>:$PYTHONPATH

# 依赖其他动态库的话,把路径添加进 LIBRARY_PATH
# Linux
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path>:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
# macOS
export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path>:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH

之后,就可以于 Python 里调用了:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# pylint: disable=missing-docstring, import-error
import tick_pb as tick

def _main():
 t = tick.Tick(lambda elapsed_ms: print(f"elapsed: {elapsed_ms} ms"),
    500, 1000,
    lambda: print("run beg"), lambda: print("run end"))
 t.start()
 t.wait_life_over()

if __name__ == "__main__":
 _main()

运行结果:

$ python src/pybind/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test.py
run beg
elapsed: 0 ms
elapsed: 500 ms
elapsed: 1000 ms
run end

示例代码

运行示例代码

获取代码,

git clone https://github.com/ikuokuo/start-pybind11.git

# 获取子模块
cd start-pybind11/
git submodule update --init

编译安装,

# 依赖 cmake

cd start-pybind11/
make install

编译结果,

$ tree _install
_install
├── bin
│ └── cpp_thread_callback
│  └── tick_test
└── lib
 ├── cpp_thread_callback
 │ ├── libtick.0.1.0.dylib
 │ ├── libtick.0.1.dylib -> libtick.0.1.0.dylib
 │ ├── libtick.dylib -> libtick.0.1.dylib
 │ ├── tick_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so
 │ ├── tick_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> tick_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so
 │ └── tick_pb.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> tick_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so
 └── first_steps
  ├── first_steps_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so
  ├── first_steps_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> first_steps_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so
  ├── first_steps_pb.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> first_steps_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so
  ├── libfirst_steps.0.1.0.dylib
  ├── libfirst_steps.0.1.dylib -> libfirst_steps.0.1.0.dylib
  └── libfirst_steps.dylib -> libfirst_steps.0.1.dylib

5 directories, 13 files

添加路径,

$ source setup.bash first_steps cpp_thread_callback
DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, PYTHONPATH
+ /Users/John/Workspace/Self/ikuokuo/start-pybind11/_install/lib/first_steps
+ /Users/John/Workspace/Self/ikuokuo/start-pybind11/_install/lib/cpp_thread_callback

运行示例,

$ python src/pybind/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test.py
run beg
elapsed: 0 ms
elapsed: 500 ms
elapsed: 1000 ms
run end

结语

Go coding!

总结

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