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Spring Boot 单元测试和集成测试实现详解

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学习如何使用本教程中提供的工具,并在 Spring Boot 环境中编写单元测试和集成测试。

1. 概览

本文中,我们将了解如何编写单元测试并将其集成在 Spring Boot 环境中。你可在网上找到大量关于这个主题的教程,但很难在一个页面中找到你需要的所有信息。我经常注意到初级开发人员混淆了单元测试和集成测试的概念,特别是在谈到 Spring 生态系统时。我将尝试讲清楚不同注解在不同上下文中的用法。

2. 单元测试 vs. 集成测试

维基百科是这么说单元测试的:

在计算机编程中,单元测试是一种软件测试方法,用以测试源代码的单个单元、一个或多个计算机程序模块的集合以及相关的控制数据、使用过程和操作过程,以确定它们是否适合使用。

集成测试

“集成测试(有时也称集成和测试,缩写为 I&T)是软件测试的一个阶段,在这个阶段中,各个软件模块被组合在一起来进行测试。”

简而言之,当我们在做单元测试时,只是测试了一个代码单元,每次只测试一个方法,不包括与正测试组件相交互的其他所有组件。

另一方面,在集成测试中,我们测试各组件之间的集成。由于单元测试,我们可知这些组件行为与所需一致,但不清楚它们是如何在一起工作的。这就是集成测试的职责。

3. Java 单元测试

所有 Java 开发者都知道 JUnit 是执行单元测试的主要框架。它提供了许多注解来对期望进行断言。

Hamcrest 是一个用于软件测试的附加框架。Hamcrest 允许使用现有的 matcher 类来检查代码中的条件,还允许自定义 matcher 实现。要在 JUnit 中使用 Hamcrest matcher,必须使用 assertThat 语句,后跟一个或多个 matcher。

在这里,你可以看到使用这两种框架的简单测试:

import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.allOf;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.anyOf;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.both;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.containsString;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.everyItem;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.hasItems;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.not;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.sameInstance;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.startsWith;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;

import java.util.Arrays;

import org.hamcrest.core.CombinableMatcher;
import org.junit.Test;

public class AssertTests {
 @Test
 public void testAssertArrayEquals() {
  byte[] expected = "trial".getBytes();
  byte[] actual = "trial".getBytes();
  assertArrayEquals("failure - byte arrays not same", expected, actual);
 }

 @Test
 public void testAssertEquals() {
  assertEquals("failure - strings are not equal", "text", "text");
 }

 @Test
 public void testAssertFalse() {
  assertFalse("failure - should be false", false);
 }

 @Test
 public void testAssertNotNull() {
  assertNotNull("should not be null", new Object());
 }

 @Test
 public void testAssertNotSame() {
  assertNotSame("should not be same Object", new Object(), new Object());
 }

 @Test
 public void testAssertNull() {
  assertNull("should be null", null);
 }

 @Test
 public void testAssertSame() {
  Integer aNumber = Integer.valueOf(768);
  assertSame("should be same", aNumber, aNumber);
 }

 // JUnit Matchers assertThat
 @Test
 public void testAssertThatBothContainsString() {
  assertThat("albumen", both(containsString("a")).and(containsString("b")));
 }

 @Test
 public void testAssertThatHasItems() {
  assertThat(Arrays.asList("one", "two", "three"), hasItems("one", "three"));
 }

 @Test
 public void testAssertThatEveryItemContainsString() {
  assertThat(Arrays.asList(new String[] { "fun", "ban", "net" }), everyItem(containsString("n")));
 }

 // Core Hamcrest Matchers with assertThat
 @Test
 public void testAssertThatHamcrestCoreMatchers() {
  assertThat("good", allOf(equalTo("good"), startsWith("good")));
  assertThat("good", not(allOf(equalTo("bad"), equalTo("good"))));
  assertThat("good", anyOf(equalTo("bad"), equalTo("good")));
  assertThat(7, not(CombinableMatcher.<Integer> either(equalTo(3)).or(equalTo(4))));
  assertThat(new Object(), not(sameInstance(new Object())));
 }

 @Test
 public void testAssertTrue() {
  assertTrue("failure - should be true", true);
 }
}

4. 介绍我们的案例

让我们来写一个简单的程序吧。其目的是为漫画提供一个基本的搜索引擎。

4.1. Maven 依赖

首先,需要添加一些依赖到我们的工程中。

<dependency>
 <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
 <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
 <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
 <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
 <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
 <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
 <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
 <version>1.16.20</version>
 <scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>

4.2. 定义 Model

我们的模型非常简单,只有两个类组成:Manga 和 MangaResult

4.2.1. Manga 类

Manga 类表示系统检索到的 Manga 实例。使用 Lombok 来减少样板代码。

package com.mgiglione.model;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Builder;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;

@Getter @Setter @NoArgsConstructor @AllArgsConstructor @Builder
public class Manga {
  private String title;
  private String description;
  private Integer volumes;
  private Double score;
}

4.2.2. MangaResult

MangaResult 类是包含了一个 Manga List 的包装类。

package com.mgiglione.model;
import java.util.List;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
@Getter @Setter @NoArgsConstructor
public class MangaResult {
  private List<Manga> result;
}

4.3. 实现 Service

为实现本 Service,我们将使用由 Jikan Moe 提供的免费 API 接口。

RestTemplate 是用来对 API 进行发起 REST 调用的 Spring 类。

package com.mgiglione.service;

import java.util.List;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

import com.mgiglione.model.Manga;
import com.mgiglione.model.MangaResult;

@Service
public class MangaService {

  Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MangaService.class);
  private static final String MANGA_SEARCH_URL="http://api.jikan.moe/search/manga/";
  
  @Autowired
  RestTemplate restTemplate;
  
  public List<Manga> getMangasByTitle(String title) {
    return restTemplate.getForEntity(MANGA_SEARCH_URL+title, MangaResult.class).getBody().getResult();
  }
}

4.4. 实现 Controller

下一步就是写一个暴露了两个端点的 REST Controller,一个是同步的,一个是异步的,其仅用于测试目的。该 Controller 使用了上面定义的 Service。

package com.mgiglione.controller;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Async;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import com.mgiglione.model.Manga;
import com.mgiglione.service.MangaService;

@RestController
@RequestMapping(value = "/manga")
public class MangaController {

  Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MangaController.class);
  
  @Autowired
  private MangaService mangaService;  
  
  @RequestMapping(value = "/async/{title}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
  @Async
  public CompletableFuture<List<Manga>> searchASync(@PathVariable(name = "title") String title) {
    return CompletableFuture.completedFuture(mangaService.getMangasByTitle(title));
  }
  
  @RequestMapping(value = "/sync/{title}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
  public @ResponseBody <List<Manga>> searchSync(@PathVariable(name = "title") String title) {
    return mangaService.getMangasByTitle(title);
  }
}

4.5. 启动并测试系统

mvn spring-boot:run

然后,Let's try it:

curl http://localhost:8080/manga/async/ken
curl http://localhost:8080/manga/sync/ken

示例输出:

{ 
  "title":"Rurouni Kenshin: Meiji Kenkaku Romantan",
  "description":"Ten years have passed since the end of Bakumatsu, an era of war that saw the uprising of citizens against the Tokugawa shogunate. The revolutionaries wanted to create a time of peace, and a thriving c...",
  "volumes":28,
  "score":8.69
},
{ 
  "title":"Sun-Ken Rock",
  "description":"The story revolves around Ken, a man from an upper-class family that was orphaned young due to his family's involvement with the Yakuza; he became a high school delinquent known for fighting. The only...",
  "volumes":25,
  "score":8.12
},
{ 
  "title":"Yumekui Kenbun",
  "description":"For those who suffer nightmares, help awaits at the Ginseikan Tea House, where patrons can order much more than just Darjeeling. Hiruko is a special kind of a private investigator. He's a dream eater....",
  "volumes":9,
  "score":7.97
}

5. Spring Boot 应用的单元测试

Spring Boot 提供了一个强大的类以使测试变得简单: @SpringBootTest 注解

可以在基于 Spring Boot 运行的测试类上指定此注解。

除常规 Spring TestContext Framework 之外,其还提供以下功能:

此处,我们仅有两个组件需要测试:MangaService 和 MangaController

5.1. 对 MangaService 进行单元测试

为了测试 MangaService,我们需要将其与外部组件隔离开来。本例中,只需要一个外部组件:RestTemplate,我们用它来调用远程 API。

我们需要做的是模拟 RestTemplate Bean,并让它始终以固定的给定响应进行响应。Spring Test 结合并扩展了 Mockito 库,通过 @MockBean 注解,我们可以配置模拟 Bean。

package com.mgiglione.service.test.unit;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.MockBean;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

import com.mgiglione.model.Manga;
import com.mgiglione.model.MangaResult;
import com.mgiglione.service.MangaService;
import com.mgiglione.utils.JsonUtils;

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class MangaServiceUnitTest {
  
  @Autowired
  private MangaService mangaService;
  
  // MockBean is the annotation provided by Spring that wraps mockito one
  // Annotation that can be used to add mocks to a Spring ApplicationContext.
  // If any existing single bean of the same type defined in the context will be replaced by the mock, if no existing bean is defined a new one will be added.
  @MockBean
  private RestTemplate template;
  
  @Test
  public void testGetMangasByTitle() throws IOException {
    // Parsing mock file
    MangaResult mRs = JsonUtils.jsonFile2Object("ken.json", MangaResult.class);
    // Mocking remote service
    when(template.getForEntity(any(String.class), any(Class.class))).thenReturn(new ResponseEntity(mRs, HttpStatus.OK));
    // I search for goku but system will use mocked response containing only ken, so I can check that mock is used.
    List<Manga> mangasByTitle = mangaService.getMangasByTitle("goku");
    assertThat(mangasByTitle).isNotNull()
      .isNotEmpty()
      .allMatch(p -> p.getTitle()
        .toLowerCase()
        .contains("ken"));
  }
  
}

5.2. 对 MangaController 进行单元测试

正如在 MangaService 的单元测试中所做的那样,我们需要隔离组件。在这种情况下,我们需要模拟 MangaService Bean。

然后,我们还有一个问题……Controller 部分是管理 HttpRequest 的系统的一部分,因此我们需要一个系统来模拟这种行为,而非启动完整的 HTTP 服务器。

MockMvc 是执行该操作的 Spring 类。其可以以不同的方式进行设置:

package com.mgiglione.service.test.unit;

import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.asyncDispatch;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultHandlers.print;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.request;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.MockBean;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MvcResult;
import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext;

import com.mgiglione.controller.MangaController;
import com.mgiglione.model.Manga;
import com.mgiglione.service.MangaService;

@SpringBootTest
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
public class MangaControllerUnitTest {

  MockMvc mockMvc;
  
  @Autowired
  protected WebApplicationContext wac;
  
  @Autowired
  MangaController mangaController;
  
  @MockBean
  MangaService mangaService;
  
  /**
   * List of samples mangas
   */
  private List<Manga> mangas;
  
  @Before
  public void setup() throws Exception {
    this.mockMvc = standaloneSetup(this.mangaController).build();// Standalone context
    // mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac)
    // .build();
    Manga manga1 = Manga.builder()
      .title("Hokuto no ken")
      .description("The year is 199X. The Earth has been devastated by nuclear war...")
      .build();
    Manga manga2 = Manga.builder()
      .title("Yumekui Kenbun")
      .description("For those who suffer nightmares, help awaits at the Ginseikan Tea House, where patrons can order much more than just Darjeeling. Hiruko is a special kind of a private investigator. He's a dream eater....")
      .build();
    mangas = new ArrayList<>();
    mangas.add(manga1);
    mangas.add(manga2);
  }
  
  @Test
  public void testSearchSync() throws Exception {
    // Mocking service
    when(mangaService.getMangasByTitle(any(String.class))).thenReturn(mangas);
    mockMvc.perform(get("/manga/sync/ken").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
      .andExpect(status().isOk())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$[0].title", is("Hokuto no ken")))
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$[1].title", is("Yumekui Kenbun")));
  }

  @Test
  public void testSearchASync() throws Exception {
    // Mocking service
    when(mangaService.getMangasByTitle(any(String.class))).thenReturn(mangas);
    MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/manga/async/ken").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
      .andDo(print())
      .andExpect(request().asyncStarted())
      .andDo(print())
      // .andExpect(status().is2xxSuccessful()).andReturn();
      .andReturn();
    // result.getRequest().getAsyncContext().setTimeout(10000);
    mockMvc.perform(asyncDispatch(result))
      .andDo(print())
      .andExpect(status().isOk())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$[0].title", is("Hokuto no ken")));
  }
}

正如在代码中所看到的那样,选择第一种解决方案是因为其是最轻量的一个,并且我们可以对 Spring 上下文中加载的对象有更好的治理。

在异步测试中,必须首先通过调用服务,然后启动 asyncDispatch 方法来模拟异步行为。

6. Spring Boot 应用的集成测试

对于集成测试,我们希望提供下游通信来检查我们的主要组件。

6.1. 对 MangaService 进行集成测试

这个测试也是非常简单的。我们不需要模拟任何东西,因为我们的目的就是要调用远程 Manga API。

package com.mgiglione.service.test.integration;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

import java.util.List;

import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;

import com.mgiglione.model.Manga;
import com.mgiglione.service.MangaService;

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class MangaServiceIntegrationTest {

  @Autowired
  private MangaService mangaService;
  
  @Test
  public void testGetMangasByTitle() {
      List<Manga> mangasByTitle = mangaService.getMangasByTitle("ken");
      assertThat(mangasByTitle).isNotNull().isNotEmpty();
  }
}

6.2. 对 MangaController 进行集成测试

这个测试和单元测试很是相似,但在这个案例中,我们无需再模拟 MangaService。

package com.mgiglione.service.test.integration;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasItem;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.asyncDispatch;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultHandlers.print;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.request;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup;

import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MvcResult;
import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext;

import com.mgiglione.controller.MangaController;

@SpringBootTest
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
public class MangaControllerIntegrationTest {

  // @Autowired
  MockMvc mockMvc;
  
  @Autowired
  protected WebApplicationContext wac;
  
  @Autowired
  MangaController mangaController;
  
  @Before
  public void setup() throws Exception {
    this.mockMvc = standaloneSetup(this.mangaController).build();// Standalone context
    // mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac)
    // .build();
  }
  
  @Test
  public void testSearchSync() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(get("/manga/sync/ken").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
      .andExpect(status().isOk())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.*.title", hasItem(is("Hokuto no Ken"))));
  }
  
  @Test
  public void testSearchASync() throws Exception {
    MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/manga/async/ken").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
      .andDo(print())
      .andExpect(request().asyncStarted())
      .andDo(print())
      .andReturn();
    mockMvc.perform(asyncDispatch(result))
      .andDo(print())
      .andExpect(status().isOk())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.*.title", hasItem(is("Hokuto no Ken"))));
  }
}

7. 结论

我们已经了解了在 Spring Boot 环境下单元测试和集成测试的主要不同,了解了像 Hamcrest 这样简化测试编写的框架。当然,也可以在我的 GitHub 仓库 里找到所有代码。

原文:https://dzone.com/articles/unit-and-integration-tests-in-spring-boot-2

作者:Marco Giglione

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