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Python利用3D引擎制作一个3D迷宫游戏

Leleprogrammer 人气:0

Ursina是一个3D引擎,初步使用方法,见文章:详解Python 3D引擎Ursina如何绘制立体图形

了解完Ursina的初步用法,接下来,我们就开始设计这个3D迷宫游戏啦!

效果:

墙面、地板、起始块、终点块所需要的图像资源我放在下面供大家下载

↓↓

brick.png

redstoneblock.jpg

greendiamondblock.jpg 

plank.jpg

代码详解:

首先,要用Prim最小生成树的方法生成迷宫,原理就是不断遍历还未遍历过的墙,并不断地删除不需要的墙块,代码见文章:Python Prim算法通过遍历墙实现迷宫的生成

这里,还有用遍历网格生成迷宫的方法,不过在编辑这个3D迷宫时,我们最好选用上方遍历墙的方式,顺便送上遍历网格的文章:Python利用Prim算法生成迷宫

把生成迷宫的代码命名为create.py

在主程序main.py中导入相关模块,其中ursina是整个3D引擎,ursina中有一个prefabs模块,prefabs中有一些可以直接拿出来用的东西,比如first_person_controller中的FirstPersonController,是用于设置第一人称的,sky中的Sky可以直接生成天空

然后,create模块中createMaze模块就是我们的Prim生成迷宫的算法

from ursina import *
from ursina.prefabs.first_person_controller import FirstPersonController
from ursina.prefabs.sky import Sky
from create import createMaze

接下来,创建Ursina主程序

app=Ursina()

把刚刚提供给大家的图片存到同目录下的texture文件夹,作为材质包

在程序中引入这些材质

wall_texture=load_texture("texture/brick.png")
start_texture=load_texture("texture/redstoneblock.jpg")
end_texture=load_texture("texture/greendiamondblock.jpg")
ground_texture=load_texture("texture/plank.jpg")

创建Wall类,墙壁方块,继承于Button类,注意,这里不要用Entity,Entity是没有碰撞体积的,所以要判断玩家是否落地,需要写更多代码,这里用Button类,后面使用第一人称时可以更方便,这里parent是场景,也就是Ursina里默认的scene,系统已经自动定义好了,model是cube,也就是正方体,texture即材质,position是坐标,坐标现在还未确定,所以在__init__中添加为参数,color设置为白色,这样贴材质的时候才不会让材质变色,设置为白色,可以让材质显示自己本身的颜色,Ursina中有color变量,一些常用的颜色可以这样使用:color.颜色名,或者用rgb的形式

class Wall(Button):
    def __init__(self,position):
        super().__init__(
            parent=scene,
            model="cube",
            texture=wall_texture,
            color=color.white,
            position=position,
            origin_y=0.5
        )

再创建一个类Start,用作起始方块,这里参数都差不多,只改了材质

class Start(Button):
    def __init__(self,position):
        super().__init__(
            parent=scene,
            model="cube",
            texture=start_texture,
            color=color.white,
            position=position,
            origin_y=0.5
        )

然后Ground(地板)和End(结束点)的类也差不多,都只改了个材质

class End(Button):
    def __init__(self,position):
        super().__init__(
            parent=scene,
            model="cube",
            texture=end_texture,
            color=color.white,
            position=position,
            origin_y=0.5
        )
 
class Ground(Button):
    def __init__(self,position):
        super().__init__(
            parent=scene,
            model="cube",
            texture=ground_texture,
            color=color.white,
            position=position,
            origin_y=0.5
        )

接下来是Player,我们这里不直接使用Ursina的FirstPersonController,因为它系统已经帮你设置好了行走速度、重力加速度、跳跃等等,这里在Pycharm编辑器里,ctrl+鼠标点FirstPersonController即可看到对应的FirstPersonController的系统代码,系统代码如下:

class FirstPersonController(Entity):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        self.cursor = Entity(parent=camera.ui, model='quad', color=color.pink, scale=.008, rotation_z=45)
        super().__init__()
        self.speed = 5
        self.height = 2
        self.camera_pivot = Entity(parent=self, y=self.height)
 
        camera.parent = self.camera_pivot
        camera.position = (0,0,0)
        camera.rotation = (0,0,0)
        camera.fov = 90
        mouse.locked = True
        self.mouse_sensitivity = Vec2(40, 40)
 
        self.gravity = 1
        self.grounded = False
        self.jump_height = 2
        self.jump_up_duration = .5
        self.fall_after = .35 # will interrupt jump up
        self.jumping = False
        self.air_time = 0
 
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            setattr(self, key ,value)
 
        # make sure we don't fall through the ground if we start inside it
        if self.gravity:
            ray = raycast(self.world_position+(0,self.height,0), self.down, ignore=(self,))
            if ray.hit:
                self.y = ray.world_point.y
 
 
    def update(self):
        self.rotation_y += mouse.velocity[0] * self.mouse_sensitivity[1]
 
        self.camera_pivot.rotation_x -= mouse.velocity[1] * self.mouse_sensitivity[0]
        self.camera_pivot.rotation_x= clamp(self.camera_pivot.rotation_x, -90, 90)
 
        self.direction = Vec3(
            self.forward * (held_keys['w'] - held_keys['s'])
            + self.right * (held_keys['d'] - held_keys['a'])
            ).normalized()
 
        feet_ray = raycast(self.position+Vec3(0,0.5,0), self.direction, ignore=(self,), distance=.5, debug=False)
        head_ray = raycast(self.position+Vec3(0,self.height-.1,0), self.direction, ignore=(self,), distance=.5, debug=False)
        if not feet_ray.hit and not head_ray.hit:
            self.position += self.direction * self.speed * time.dt
 
 
        if self.gravity:
            # gravity
            ray = raycast(self.world_position+(0,self.height,0), self.down, ignore=(self,))
            # ray = boxcast(self.world_position+(0,2,0), self.down, ignore=(self,))
 
            if ray.distance <= self.height+.1:
                if not self.grounded:
                    self.land()
                self.grounded = True
                # make sure it's not a wall and that the point is not too far up
                if ray.world_normal.y > .7 and ray.world_point.y - self.world_y < .5: # walk up slope
                    self.y = ray.world_point[1]
                return
            else:
                self.grounded = False
 
            # if not on ground and not on way up in jump, fall
            self.y -= min(self.air_time, ray.distance-.05) * time.dt * 100
            self.air_time += time.dt * .25 * self.gravity
 
 
    def input(self, key):
        if key == 'space':
            self.jump()
 
 
    def jump(self):
        if not self.grounded:
            return
 
        self.grounded = False
        self.animate_y(self.y+self.jump_height, self.jump_up_duration, resolution=int(1//time.dt), curve=curve.out_expo)
        invoke(self.start_fall, delay=self.fall_after)
 
 
    def start_fall(self):
        self.y_animator.pause()
        self.jumping = False
 
    def land(self):
        # print('land')
        self.air_time = 0
        self.grounded = True
 
 
    def on_enable(self):
        mouse.locked = True
        self.cursor.enabled = True
 
 
    def on_disable(self):
        mouse.locked = False
        self.cursor.enabled = False

我们只需要修改里面一些参数,__init__是一定要被修改的,跳跃的时候有时候会卡墙,然后跳到迷宫顶端,所以咱们这里禁用跳跃,重写jump函数,用pass代替即可。

gravity是重力,我们准备这样设计:一开始,我们是在半空中,然后缓缓下降,进入迷宫初始点,所以要缓缓下降就需要改到重力,将self.gravity改为0.01,也就是默认的1%,然后将玩家移动速度设置为6,也就是将self.speed设置为6,self.position是坐标,暂时未知,用全局变量代替,camera像scene和color一样,也是Ursina系统代码中已经帮我们定义好的了,我们无需重新定义,直接使用即可,camera中的fov是视角,咱们设置大一点,改为140,也差不多算广角了,然后设置self.mouse_sensitivity(鼠标敏感度),这个要像系统代码一样用Vec2,而且要传两个参数,我也不知道为啥这样,反正系统怎么写,咱们格式就尽量跟系统一样。其实这个灵敏度,就是鼠标移动视角的时候的速度,原来是40,40,这里我们设置为原来的4倍,160,160。

别忘了要执行父类的初始化函数哦!(super().__init__())

class Player(FirstPersonController):
    def __init__(self):
        global startPosition
        super().__init__()
        camera.fov=140
        self.position=startPosition
        self.gravity=0.01
        self.speed=6
        self.mouse_sensitivity=Vec2(160,160)
 
    def jump(self):
        pass

接下来,生成迷宫,然后定义参数,banPositions存储起始块和结束块的坐标,生成地板的时候要跳过,因为在这两个块的地板是与其他不同的

maze=createMaze(15,15)
startPosition=None
endPosition=None
banPostions=[]

这里,因为一个格宽度的路很窄,显得不宽敞,而且有时候行走也有些不方便,这里,我们把每个块放大为2x2,然后再创建场景

for y in range(1,4):
    for x,row in enumerate(maze):
        for z,value in enumerate(row):
            if str(value)=="s":
                Start((x*2,0,z*2))
                Start((x*2,0,z*2+1))
                Start((x*2+1,0,z*2))
                Start((x*2+1,0,z*2+1))
                startPosition=(x*2,3,z*2)
                banPostions.append([x*2,z*2])
                banPostions.append([x*2,z*2+1])
                banPostions.append([x*2+1,z*2])
                banPostions.append([x*2+1,z*2+1])
            elif str(value)=="e":
                End((x*2,0,z*2))
                End((x*2,0,z*2+1))
                End((x*2+1,0,z*2))
                End((x*2+1,0,z*2+1))
                endPosition=(x*2,3,z*2)
                banPostions.append([x*2,z*2])
                banPostions.append([x*2,z*2+1])
                banPostions.append([x*2+1,z*2])
                banPostions.append([x*2+1,z*2+1])
            elif str(value)=="0":
                Wall((x*2,y,z*2))
                Wall((x*2,y,z*2+1))
                Wall((x*2+1,y,z*2))
                Wall((x*2+1,y,z*2+1))

生成地板

y2=0
for x2 in range(x*2+1):
    for z2 in range(z*2+1):
        if not ([x2,z2] in banPostions):
            Ground((x2,y2,z2))

然后实例化player和sky,最后运行程序

player=Player()
sky=Sky()
 
app.run()

这样就可以实现文章一开始图片中的效果啦!

不过我们走到终点也没有啥效果,这个就留给大家自己尝试和拓展啦!在这里就不再讲解~

最后,附上main.py的参考代码(迷宫生成的代码到我文章开头给出的链接中查看复制):

from ursina import *
from ursina.prefabs.first_person_controller import FirstPersonController
from ursina.prefabs.sky import Sky
from create import createMaze
 
app=Ursina()
 
wall_texture=load_texture("texture/brick.png")
start_texture=load_texture("texture/redstoneblock.jpg")
end_texture=load_texture("texture/greendiamondblock.jpg")
ground_texture=load_texture("texture/plank.jpg")
 
class Wall(Button):
    def __init__(self,position):
        super().__init__(
            parent=scene,
            model="cube",
            texture=wall_texture,
            color=color.white,
            position=position,
            origin_y=0.5
        )
 
class Start(Button):
    def __init__(self,position):
        super().__init__(
            parent=scene,
            model="cube",
            texture=start_texture,
            color=color.white,
            position=position,
            origin_y=0.5
        )
 
class End(Button):
    def __init__(self,position):
        super().__init__(
            parent=scene,
            model="cube",
            texture=end_texture,
            color=color.white,
            position=position,
            origin_y=0.5
        )
 
class Ground(Button):
    def __init__(self,position):
        super().__init__(
            parent=scene,
            model="cube",
            texture=ground_texture,
            color=color.white,
            position=position,
            origin_y=0.5
        )
 
class Player(FirstPersonController):
    def __init__(self):
        global startPosition
        super().__init__()
        camera.fov=140
        self.position=startPosition
        self.gravity=0.01
        self.speed=6
        self.mouse_sensitivity=Vec2(160,160)
 
    def jump(self):
        pass
 
maze=createMaze(15,15)
startPosition=None
endPosition=None
banPostions=[]
for y in range(1,4):
    for x,row in enumerate(maze):
        for z,value in enumerate(row):
            if str(value)=="s":
                Start((x*2,0,z*2))
                Start((x*2,0,z*2+1))
                Start((x*2+1,0,z*2))
                Start((x*2+1,0,z*2+1))
                startPosition=(x*2,3,z*2)
                banPostions.append([x*2,z*2])
                banPostions.append([x*2,z*2+1])
                banPostions.append([x*2+1,z*2])
                banPostions.append([x*2+1,z*2+1])
            elif str(value)=="e":
                End((x*2,0,z*2))
                End((x*2,0,z*2+1))
                End((x*2+1,0,z*2))
                End((x*2+1,0,z*2+1))
                endPosition=(x*2,3,z*2)
                banPostions.append([x*2,z*2])
                banPostions.append([x*2,z*2+1])
                banPostions.append([x*2+1,z*2])
                banPostions.append([x*2+1,z*2+1])
            elif str(value)=="0":
                Wall((x*2,y,z*2))
                Wall((x*2,y,z*2+1))
                Wall((x*2+1,y,z*2))
                Wall((x*2+1,y,z*2+1))
 
y2=0
for x2 in range(x*2+1):
    for z2 in range(z*2+1):
        if not ([x2,z2] in banPostions):
            Ground((x2,y2,z2))
 
player=Player()
sky=Sky()
 
app.run()

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